
SCARS Psychological Coping Mechanisms/Defense Mechanisms
An Exploration of the Psychological Coping/Defense Mechanisms of the Brain & Mind of Scam Victims Impacted by Scams, Fraud, and Cybercrime
The following is our ever-expanding collection of articles and publications authored by members of the SCARS Team
These articles are intended to be useful introductions for psychologists, criminologists, sociologists, law enforcement, criminal justice professionals, policy decision-makers, care providers, and the victims/survivors of these crimes or their families. For research and studies visit that section of our website.
Curated By: • Vianey Gonzalez – Licensed Psychologist Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc. • Tim McGuinness, PhD DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Psychological Coping Mechanisms & Defense Mechanisms: An Introduction
Psychological coping mechanisms or defense mechanisms are strategies that individual’s brains employ to handle stress, trauma, or difficult situations. These mechanisms can range from adaptive strategies, which promote health and well-being, to maladaptive strategies, which might offer short-term relief but ultimately worsen the situation. For scam victims, the nature of the coping mechanism or defense mechanism adopted significantly impacts their recovery process. Adaptive coping mechanisms, such as seeking support from friends and family, engaging in problem-solving, or practicing mindfulness, can help scam victims process their trauma, regain confidence, and move forward. These strategies foster emotional healing and resilience, enabling victims to rebuild their lives more effectively. Conversely, maladaptive coping mechanisms or defense mechanisms, such as denial, avoidance, or substance abuse, can impede recovery. Denial, a common response among scam victims, may prevent them from acknowledging the scam’s impact, seeking help, and addressing their emotional wounds. This avoidance of reality can prolong their suffering, leading to deeper psychological and emotional issues, such as chronic anxiety, depression, and a pervasive sense of helplessness. Understanding and addressing these coping mechanisms is necessary for aiding scam victims in their journey toward recovery and empowerment.
A Definition of a Coping Mechanism/Defense Mechanism
Coping Mechanism:
A coping mechanism refers to the strategies or behaviors individuals use to manage stress, adversity, or trauma. These mechanisms help individuals navigate difficult situations by reducing negative emotions, maintaining mental stability, and allowing for effective functioning. Coping mechanisms can be both conscious and unconscious responses to stressors.
Maladaptive Coping Mechanism:
A maladaptive coping mechanism is a type of coping strategy that, while it may provide short-term relief from stress or anxiety, ultimately has negative long-term consequences. These mechanisms are often ineffective and can lead to further emotional or physical harm. Examples include substance abuse, denial, avoidance, self-harm, and excessive risk-taking. Unlike adaptive coping strategies, which promote health and well-being, maladaptive mechanisms can exacerbate problems and hinder recovery or personal growth.
According to the United States National Institute of Mental Health:
Coping is defined as the thoughts and behaviors mobilized to manage internal and external stressful situations. It is a term used distinctively for conscious and voluntary mobilization of acts, different from ‘defense mechanisms’ that are subconscious or unconscious adaptive responses, both of which aim to reduce or tolerate stress. [SCARS NOTE: In this page we group both together for simplicity]
When individuals are subjected to a stressor, the varying ways of dealing with it are termed ‘coping styles,’ which are a set of relatively stable traits that determine the individual’s behavior in response to stress. These are consistent over time and across situations. Generally, coping is divided into reactive coping (a reaction following the stressor) and proactive coping (aiming to neutralize future stressors). Proactive individuals excel in stable environments because they are more routinized, rigid, and are less reactive to stressors, while reactive individuals perform better in a more variable environment.
Source: Coping Mechanisms – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)

About Coping/Defense Mechanisms
Here are general articles about coping/defense mechanisms:

Maladaptive Coping/Defense Mechanisms
Here is a list of several maladaptive or negative psychological coping/defense mechanisms:
- Anger: Anger functions as a coping mechanism by temporarily alleviating emotional tension and empowering individuals to assert boundaries or address perceived threats. It can serve as a protective response against feelings of vulnerability or helplessness, offering a sense of control in challenging situations.
- Attention-Seeking Behavior: Behaving in ways to gain attention or validation from others.
- Avoidance: Refusing to deal with or confront situations, feelings, or thoughts.
- Avoiding Responsibilities: Ignoring or neglecting obligations as a way to cope with stress.
- Catastrophizing: Assuming the worst possible outcome in a situation, leading to excessive anxiety or stress.
- Chronic Seeking of External Validation: Constantly seeking approval or validation from others.
- Cognitive Distortions: Distorting thoughts or perceptions to fit one’s emotional state.
- Compartmentalization: Separating conflicting thoughts or emotions into separate compartments of the mind.
- Compulsive Behavior: Engaging in repetitive behaviors to alleviate anxiety.
- Control Issues: Attempting to exert excessive control over oneself or others.
- Cynicism: This is characterized by a general distrust or skepticism towards others’ motives or the sincerity of their actions. It can manifest as a defense mechanism against disappointment, betrayal, or perceived injustices.
- Denial: Refusing to acknowledge reality or facts.
- Dependency: Relying excessively on others for emotional support or decision-making.
- Dependency on Authority Figures: Relying excessively on authority figures for guidance or decision-making.
- Displacement: Redirecting emotions from their original source to a less threatening recipient.
- Emotional Eating: Using food to soothe or suppress emotions.
- Emotional Explosions: Reacting disproportionately with anger or aggression to minor triggers.
- Emotional Numbing: Shutting down emotions to avoid feeling pain or discomfort.
- Emotional Volatility: Exhibiting extreme emotional highs and lows in response to stressors.
- Escape Fantasies: Using elaborate daydreams or fantasies to avoid reality.
- Escapism: Using activities like excessive gaming, binge-watching, or daydreaming to avoid reality.
- Excessive Risk-Taking: Engaging in risky behaviors to distract from emotional pain.
- Externalization: Blaming others or external factors for one’s own problems or shortcomings.
- Fantasy: Creating unrealistic scenarios as a way of coping with problems.
- Impulsivity: Acting on sudden urges or desires without considering consequences.
- Intellectualization: Focusing excessively on intellectual aspects of a situation to avoid emotions associated with it.
- Isolation: Withdrawing socially to avoid dealing with emotions or situations.
- Martyr Complex: Seeking suffering or self-sacrifice as a way to gain attention or sympathy.
- Minimization: Downplaying the significance of one’s emotions or problems.
- Numbness: Psychological or emotional numbness is a state where individuals become detached from their emotions as a response to overwhelming trauma, serving as both a defense and coping mechanism.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior: Engaging in repetitive rituals or behaviors to alleviate anxiety.
- Overcompensation: Overachieving in one area to compensate for deficiencies in another.
- Overthinking: Obsessively dwelling on thoughts or situations without resolution.
- Overworking: Using work or productivity as a means of avoiding emotions or problems.
- Panic Responses: Reacting impulsively and intensely to stressors.
- Passive-Aggressive Behavior: Indirectly expressing anger or hostility.
- Perfectionism: Setting unrealistically high standards to avoid feelings of inadequacy or anxiety.
- Projection: Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
- Regression: Reverting to childlike behaviors under stress.
- Rationalization: Creating logical explanations or justifications for irrational behaviors or thoughts.
- Repression: Unconsciously forgetting or blocking painful memories or thoughts.
- Selective Memory: Remembering only certain aspects of a situation to support one’s own viewpoint.
- Self-Blame: Assuming excessive responsibility for negative outcomes or situations.
- Self-Deprecation: Criticizing or belittling oneself to cope with feelings of inadequacy.
- Self-Handicapping: Creating obstacles or excuses to justify potential failure.
- Self-Harm: Inflicting physical harm on oneself to cope with emotional pain.
- Self-Hate: a deeply ingrained feeling of intense self-loathing, guilt, and worthlessness, where an individual views themselves as fundamentally flawed and unworthy of love or acceptance.
- Self-Isolation: Choosing to be alone to avoid social interactions or emotional situations.
- Self-Pity: Self-pity can lead to rumination on negative thoughts and feelings, withdrawal from social interactions, and a sense of resignation rather than proactive problem-solving. It tends to maintain a focus on perceived injustices or difficulties without actively seeking constructive ways to address or cope with them.
- Self-Sabotage: Behaving in ways that undermine one’s own success or well-being.
- Sleeping Too Much or Too Little: Using sleep as a way to avoid dealing with emotions or stressors.
- Spiritual Bypassing: Using spiritual beliefs or practices to avoid dealing with emotional issues.
- Substance Abuse: Using drugs or alcohol to cope with stress or emotions.
- Vicarious Living: Living through others instead of developing one’s own identity and experiences.
- Withdrawal: Retreating emotionally or physically from relationships or activities.
These coping/defense mechanisms (and there are many more,) provide temporary relief but are ultimately harmful and prevent healthy adaptation and growth.
Maladaptive/Negative Coping/Defense Mechanisms Articles
-
- Emotional Numbness and Scam Victims – Coping After the Scam (scamsnow.com)
- Psychological Denial – A Maladaptive Coping Mechanism In Scam Victims (scampsychology.org)
- Learned Helplessness – A Maladaptive Coping Mechanism And Learned Belief (scampsychology.org)
- Projection And Scam Victims (scamsnow.com)
- White Knight Syndrome – Rescuing Damsels In Distress And Getting Scammed – A SCARS Guide (romancescamsnow.com)
- Transference And Emotional Danger After The Scam [UPDATED] (romancescamsnow.com)
- Scam Victim Social Isolation Risks (romancescamsnow.com)
- Selective Amnesia and Scam Victim Psychological Trauma (scamsnow.com)
- Understanding Trauma Compulsions (romancescamsnow.com)
- Mental Defeat’ – The Unique Condition Of Giving Up (scamsnow.com)
- Scam Victim Catastrophizing Making Recovery Difficult (scamsnow.com)
- Motivational Denial – Recovery Psychology (scamsnow.com)
- Pride – A Dual Edged Sword For Scam Victims (scamsnow.com)
- Mental Compartmentalization And Recovery For Scam Victims (scamsnow.com)
- Do Scam Victims Become Cynics After Their Scam Experience? (scamsnow.com)
- The Self-Pity Trap & How To Overcome It (scamsnow.com)
- Hope & The “Pig Pen” Syndrome (scamsnow.com)
- Scam Victims Use Work To Avoid Healing (scamsnow.com)
- Scam Victims & Mental Health Blaming (scamsnow.com)
- Trauma Grief & Humor As A Coping Mechanism (romancescamsnow.com)
- The Strange Case Of Scam Victim Information Avoidance (romancescamsnow.com)
- After The Scam – Victims Frequently Engage In Self-Defeating Behaviors (romancescamsnow.com)
- Hate As A Coping Mechanism (romancescamsnow.com)
- Victim Response To Fear Is Anger! (romancescamsnow.com)
- Substance Abuse Susceptibility And Scam Victims – 2024 (scamsnow.com)

Positive Coping Mechanisms
Positive Coping Mechanism Articles
- Emotional Numbness and Scam Victims – Coping After the Scam (scamsnow.com)
- Coping with the Reality of Crime Victimization (romancescamsnow.com)
- Scam Victims: Applying Boundaries When Compassion Is Required Instead (scamsnow.com)
- Coping Strategies for Scam Victim Trauma Survivors (romancescamsnow.com)
Statement About Victim Blaming
Some of our articles discuss various aspects of victims. This is both about better understanding victims (the science of victimology) and their behaviors and psychology. This helps us to educate victims/survivors about why these crimes happened and to not blame themselves, better develop recovery programs, and to help victims avoid scams in the future. At times this may sound like blaming the victim, but it does not blame scam victims, we are simply explaining the hows and whys of the experience victims have.
These articles, about the Psychology of Scams or Victim Psychology – meaning that all humans have psychological or cognitive characteristics in common that can either be exploited or work against us – help us all to understand the unique challenges victims face before, during, and after scams, fraud, or cybercrimes. These sometimes talk about some of the vulnerabilities the scammers exploit. Victims rarely have control of them or are even aware of them, until something like a scam happens and then they can learn how their mind works and how to overcome these mechanisms.
Articles like these help victims and others understand these processes and how to help prevent them from being exploited again or to help them recover more easily by understanding their post-scam behaviors. Learn more about the Psychology of Scams at www.ScamPsychology.org
Psychology Disclaimer:
All articles about psychology, neurology, and the human brain on this website are for information & education only
The information provided in these articles is intended for educational and self-help purposes only and should not be construed as a substitute for professional therapy or counseling.
While any self-help techniques outlined herein may be beneficial for scam victims seeking to recover from their experience and move towards recovery, it is important to consult with a qualified mental health professional before initiating any course of action. Each individual’s experience and needs are unique, and what works for one person may not be suitable for another.
Additionally, any approach may not be appropriate for individuals with certain pre-existing mental health conditions or trauma histories. It is advisable to seek guidance from a licensed therapist or counselor who can provide personalized support, guidance, and treatment tailored to your specific needs.
If you are experiencing significant distress or emotional difficulties related to a scam or other traumatic event, please consult your doctor or mental health provider for appropriate care and support.
Also, please read our SCARS Institute Statement About Professional Care for Scam Victims – here
If you are in crisis, feeling desperate, or in despair please call 988 or your local crisis hotline.
SCARS Resources:
♦ Enroll in SCARS Scam Survivor’s School now at www.SCARSeducation.org
♦ To report criminals visit reporting.AgainstScams.org – we will NEVER give your data to money recovery companies like some do!
♦ If you are a victim of scams go to ScamVictimsSupport.org for real knowledge and help
♦ Come and join our kinder, safer, no-hate, anti-scam education and discussion group: support.AgainstScams.org
♦ Sign up for our free support & recovery help by support.AgainstScams.org
♦ Join our WhatsApp Chat Group at: https://chat.whatsapp.com/BPDSYlkdHBbDBg8gfTGb02
♦ Follow us on X: x.com/RomanceScamsNow
♦ Follow us and find our podcasts, webinars, and helpful videos on YouTube at: www.youtube.com/@RomancescamsNowcom
♦ See SCARS Institute Scam Victim Self-Help Books at shop.AgainstScams.org
♦ Learn about the Psychology of Scams at www.ScamPsychology.org
♦ Dig deeper into the reality of scams, fraud, and cybercrime at www.ScamsNOW.com and www.RomanceScamsNOW.com
♦ Become a SCARS Institute Member – Help Us Help Others – learn more at membership.AgainstScams.org
♦ See more scammer photos on ScammerPhotos.com
You can also find the SCARS Institute on Facebook, WhatsApp, X, LinkedIn, and TruthSocial