Cognitive Biases
Resources Research And Further Reading
- Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). “The evolution of cognitive bias” (PDF). In Buss DM (ed.). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746.
- ^ “Cognitive Bias – Association for Psychological Science”. www.psychologicalscience.org. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Thomas O (2018-01-19). “Two decades of cognitive bias research in entrepreneurship: What do we know and where do we go from here?”. Management Review Quarterly. 68 (2): 107–143. doi:10.1007/s11301-018-0135-9. ISSN 2198-1620. S2CID 148611312.
- ^ Dougherty MR, Gettys CF, Ogden EE (1999). “MINERVA-DM: A memory processes model for judgments of likelihood” (PDF). Psychological Review. 106 (1): 180–209. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.180.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Hilbert M (March 2012). “Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: how noisy information processing can bias human decision making”. Psychological Bulletin. 138 (2): 211–37. doi:10.1037/a0025940. PMID 22122235.
- ^ Gigerenzer G (2006). “Bounded and Rational”. In Stainton RJ (ed.). Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science. Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 978-1405113045.
- ^ MacCoun RJ (1998). “Biases in the interpretation and use of research results” (PDF). Annual Review of Psychology. 49 (1): 259–287. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.259. PMID 15012470.
- ^ Nickerson RS (1998). “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises” (PDF). Review of General Psychology. 2 (2): 175–220 [198]. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175. S2CID 8508954.
- ^ Dardenne B, Leyens JP (1995). “Confirmation Bias as a Social Skill”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 21 (11): 1229–1239. doi:10.1177/01461672952111011. S2CID 146709087.
- ^ Alexander WH, Brown JW (June 2010). “Hyperbolically discounted temporal difference learning”. Neural Computation. 22 (6): 1511–1527. doi:10.1162/neco.2010.08-09-1080. PMC 3005720. PMID 20100071.
- ^ Zhang Y, Lewis M, Pellon M, Coleman P (2007). A Preliminary Research on Modeling Cognitive Agents for Social Environments in Multi-Agent Systems (PDF). 2007 AAAI Fall Symposium: Emergent agents and socialities: Social and organizational aspects of intelligence. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. pp. 116–123.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Holdnack JA (2008). “Misdiagnosis of Cognitive Impairment in Forensic Neuropsychology”. In Heilbronner RL (ed.). Neuropsychology in the Courtroom: Expert Analysis of Reports and Testimony. New York: Guilford Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-1593856342.
- ^ Kim M, Daniel JL (2020-01-02). “Common Source Bias, Key Informants, and Survey-Administrative Linked Data for Nonprofit Management Research”. Public Performance & Management Review. 43 (1): 232–256. doi:10.1080/15309576.2019.1657915. ISSN 1530-9576. S2CID 203468837. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ DuCharme WW (1970). “Response bias explanation of conservative human inference”. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 85 (1): 66–74. doi:10.1037/h0029546. hdl:2060/19700009379.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Edwards W (1968). “Conservatism in human information processing”. In Kleinmuntz B (ed.). Formal representation of human judgment. New York: Wiley. pp. 17–52.
- ^ “The Psychology Guide: What Does Functional Fixedness Mean?”. PsycholoGenie. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Carroll RT. “apophenia”. The Skeptic’s Dictionary. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ^ Tversky A, Kahneman D (September 1974). “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”. Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci…185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
- ^ Fiedler K (1991). “The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.24.
- ^ Schwarz N, Bless H, Strack F, Klumpp G, Rittenauer-Schatka H, Simons A (1991). “Ease of Retrieval as Information: Another Look at the Availability Heuristic” (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 19 Oct 2014.
- ^ Coley JD, Tanner KD (2012). “Common origins of diverse misconceptions: cognitive principles and the development of biology thinking”. CBE: Life Sciences Education. 11 (3): 209–215. doi:10.1187/cbe.12-06-0074. PMC 3433289. PMID 22949417.
- ^ “The Real Reason We Dress Pets Like People”. Live Science. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- ^ Harris LT, Fiske ST (January 2011). “Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?”. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 219 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000065. PMC 3915417. PMID 24511459.
- ^ Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH (January 2007). “Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study” (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 133 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1. PMID 17201568. S2CID 2861872.
- ^ Zwicky A (2005-08-07). “Just Between Dr. Language and I”. Language Log.
- ^ Bellows A (March 2006). “The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon”. Damn Interesting. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ Kershner K (20 March 2015). “What’s the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon?”. howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ “The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon? Or: The Joy Of Juxtaposition?”. twincities.com. St. Paul Pioneer Press. 23 February 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
As you might guess, the phenomenon is named after an incident in which I was talking to a friend about the Baader-Meinhof gang (and this was many years after they were in the news). The next day, my friend phoned me and referred me to an article in that day’s newspaper in which the Baader-Meinhof gang was mentioned.
- ^ Michael I. Norton, Daniel Mochon, Dan Ariely (2011). The “IKEA Effect”: When Labor Leads to Love. Harvard Business School
- ^ Lebowitz S (2 December 2016). “Harness the power of the ‘Ben Franklin Effect’ to get someone to like you”. Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Oswald ME, Grosjean S (2004). “Confirmation Bias”. In Pohl RF (ed.). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 79–96. ISBN 978-1841693514. OCLC 55124398 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Sanna LJ, Schwarz N, Stocker SL (2002). “When debiasing backfires: Accessible content and accessibility experiences in debiasing hindsight” (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 28 (3): 497–502. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.5964. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.497. ISSN 0278-7393. PMID 12018501.
- ^ Jeng M (2006). “A selected history of expectation bias in physics”. American Journal of Physics. 74 (7): 578–583. arXiv:physics/0508199. Bibcode:2006AmJPh..74..578J. doi:10.1119/1.2186333. S2CID 119491123.
- ^ Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2011). Psychology (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 254. ISBN 978-1429237192.
- ^ Pronin E, Kugler MB (July 2007). “Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 43 (4): 565–578. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.011. ISSN 0022-1031.
- ^ Marks G, Miller N (1987). “Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review”. Psychological Bulletin. 102 (1): 72–90. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.72.
- ^ “False Uniqueness Bias (Social PsychologyY) – IResearchNet”. 2016-01-13.
- ^ “The Barnum Demonstration”. psych.fullerton.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Pronin E, Kruger J, Savitsky K, Ross L (October 2001). “You don’t know me, but I know you: the illusion of asymmetric insight”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81 (4): 639–656. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.639. PMID 11642351.
- ^ Thompson SC (1999). “Illusions of Control: How We Overestimate Our Personal Influence”. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 8 (6): 187–190. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00044. ISSN 0963-7214. JSTOR 20182602. S2CID 145714398.
- ^ Dierkes M, Antal AB, Child J, Nonaka I (2003). Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0198295822. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
- ^ Hoorens V (1993). “Self-enhancement and Superiority Biases in Social Comparison”. European Review of Social Psychology. 4 (1): 113–139. doi:10.1080/14792779343000040.
- ^ Adams PA, Adams JK (December 1960). “Confidence in the recognition and reproduction of words difficult to spell”. The American Journal of Psychology. 73 (4): 544–552. doi:10.2307/1419942. JSTOR 1419942. PMID 13681411.
- ^ Hoffrage U (2004). “Overconfidence”. In Pohl R (ed.). Cognitive Illusions: a handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1841693514.
- ^ Sutherland 2007, pp. 172–178
- ^ Jump up to:a b Sanna LJ, Schwarz N (July 2004). “Integrating temporal biases: the interplay of focal thoughts and accessibility experiences”. Psychological Science. 15 (7): 474–481. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00704.x. PMID 15200632. S2CID 10998751.
- ^ Baron 1994, pp. 224–228
- ^ Västfjäll D, Slovic P, Mayorga M, Peters E (18 June 2014). “Compassion fade: affect and charity are greatest for a single child in need”. PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e100115. Bibcode:2014PLoSO…9j0115V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100115. PMC 4062481. PMID 24940738.
- ^ Fisk JE (2004). “Conjunction fallacy”. In Pohl RF (ed.). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 23–42. ISBN 978-1841693514. OCLC 55124398.
- ^ Barbara L. Fredrickson and Daniel Kahneman (1993). Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65 (1) pp. 45–55. Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Laibson D (1997). “Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting”. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112 (2): 443–477. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.337.3544. doi:10.1162/003355397555253. S2CID 763839.
- ^ Baron 1994, p. 353
- ^ Goddard K, Roudsari A, Wyatt JC (2011). “Automation Bias – A Hidden Issue for Clinical Decision Support System Use”. International Perspectives in Health Informatics. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. Vol. 164. IOS Press. pp. 17–22. doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-709-3-17.
- ^ Tackling social norms: a game changer for gender inequalities (Gender Social Norms Index). 2020 Human Development Perspectives. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
- ^ Bian L, Leslie SJ, Cimpian A (December 2018). “Evidence of bias against girls and women in contexts that emphasize intellectual ability”. The American Psychologist. 73 (9): 1139–1153. doi:10.1037/amp0000427. PMID 30525794.
- ^ Hamilton MC (1991). “Masculine Bias in the Attribution of Personhood: People = Male, Male = People”. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 15 (3): 393–402. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00415.x. ISSN 0361-6843. S2CID 143533483.
- ^ Plous 1993, pp. 38–41
- ^ “Evolution and cognitive biases: the decoy effect”. FutureLearn. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ “The Default Effect: How to Leverage Bias and Influence Behavior”. Influence at Work. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Why We Spend Coins Faster Than Bills by Chana Joffe-Walt. All Things Considered, 12 May 2009.
- ^ Hsee CK, Zhang J (May 2004). “Distinction bias: misprediction and mischoice due to joint evaluation”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 86 (5): 680–695. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.484.9171. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.680. PMID 15161394.
- ^ Mike K, Hazzan O (2022). “What Is Common to Transportation and Health in Machine Learning Education? The Domain Neglect Bias”. IEEE Transactions on Education. 66 (3): 226–233. doi:10.1109/TE.2022.3218013. ISSN 0018-9359. S2CID 253402007.
- ^ Binah-Pollak, Avital; Hazzan, Orit; Mike, Koby; Hacohen, Ronit Lis (2024-01-05). “Anthropological thinking in data science education: Thinking within context”. Education and Information Technologies. doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12444-7. ISSN 1573-7608.
- ^ “Berkson’s Paradox | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki”. brilliant.org. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Kristal AS, Santos LR, G.I. Joe Phenomena: Understanding the Limits of Metacognitive Awareness on Debiasing (PDF), Harvard Business School
- ^ Investopedia Staff (2006-10-29). “Gambler’s Fallacy/Monte Carlo Fallacy”. Investopedia. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ^ Tuccio W (2011-01-01). “Heuristics to Improve Human Factors Performance in Aviation”. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research. 20 (3). doi:10.15394/jaaer.2011.1640. ISSN 2329-258X.
- ^ Baron, J. (in preparation). Thinking and Deciding, 4th edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Baron 1994, p. 372
- ^ de Meza D, Dawson C (January 24, 2018). “Wishful Thinking, Prudent Behavior: The Evolutionary Origin of Optimism, Loss Aversion and Disappointment Aversion”. SSRN 3108432.
- ^ Dawson C, Johnson SG (8 April 2021). “Dread Aversion and Economic Preferences”. SSRN 3822640.
- ^ (Kahneman, Knetsch & Thaler 1991, p. 193) Richard Thaler coined the term “endowment effect.”
- ^ (Kahneman, Knetsch & Thaler 1991, p. 193) Daniel Kahneman, together with Amos Tversky, coined the term “loss aversion.”
- ^ Hardman 2009, p. 137
- ^ Kahneman, Knetsch & Thaler 1991, p. 193
- ^ Baron 1994, p. 382
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kruger J, Dunning D (December 1999). “Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 77 (6): 1121–1134. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.64.2655. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121. PMID 10626367. S2CID 2109278.
- ^ Van Boven L, Loewenstein G, Dunning D, Nordgren LF (2013). “Changing Places: A Dual Judgment Model of Empathy Gaps in Emotional Perspective Taking” (PDF). In Zanna MP, Olson JM (eds.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 48. Academic Press. pp. 117–171. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407188-9.00003-X. ISBN 978-0124071889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-28.
- ^ Lichtenstein S, Fischhoff B (1977). “Do those who know more also know more about how much they know?”. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 20 (2): 159–183. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(77)90001-0.
- ^ Merkle EC (February 2009). “The disutility of the hard-easy effect in choice confidence”. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 16 (1): 204–213. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.1.204. PMID 19145033.
- ^ Juslin P, Winman A, Olsson H (April 2000). “Naive empiricism and dogmatism in confidence research: a critical examination of the hard-easy effect”. Psychological Review. 107 (2): 384–396. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.384. PMID 10789203.
- ^ Waytz A (26 January 2022). “2017 : What scientific term or concept ought to be more widely known?”. Edge.org. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Rozenblit L, Keil F (September 2002). “The misunderstood limits of folk science: an illusion of explanatory depth”. Cognitive Science. 26 (5). Wiley: 521–562. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2605_1. PMC 3062901. PMID 21442007.
- ^ Mills CM, Keil FC (January 2004). “Knowing the limits of one’s understanding: the development of an awareness of an illusion of explanatory depth”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 87 (1). Elsevier BV: 1–32. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2003.09.003. PMID 14698687.
- ^ “Imposter Syndrome | Psychology Today”.
- ^ “Objectivity illusion”. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
- ^ Klauer KC, Musch J, Naumer B (October 2000). “On belief bias in syllogistic reasoning”. Psychological Review. 107 (4): 852–884. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.4.852. PMID 11089409.
- ^ “Why do we prefer doing something to doing nothing”. The Decision Lab. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Patt A, Zeckhauser R (July 2000). “Action Bias and Environmental Decisions”. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 21: 45–72. doi:10.1023/A:1026517309871. S2CID 154662174. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Gupta S (7 April 2021). “People add by default even when subtraction makes more sense”. Science News. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Adams GS, Converse BA, Hales AH, Klotz LE (April 2021). “People systematically overlook subtractive changes”. Nature. 592 (7853): 258–261. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..258A. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03380-y. PMID 33828317. S2CID 233185662.
- ^ Ackerman MS, ed. (2003). Sharing expertise beyond knowledge management (online ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0262011952.
- ^ Quartz SR, The State Of The World Isn’t Nearly As Bad As You Think, Edge Foundation, Inc., retrieved 2016-02-17
- ^ Quoidbach J, Gilbert DT, Wilson TD (January 2013). “The end of history illusion” (PDF). Science. 339 (6115): 96–98. Bibcode:2013Sci…339…96Q. doi:10.1126/science.1229294. PMID 23288539. S2CID 39240210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-13.
Young people, middle-aged people, and older people all believed they had changed a lot in the past but would change relatively little in the future.
- ^ Haring KS, Watanabe K, Velonaki M, Tossell CC, Finomore V (2018). “FFAB-The Form Function Attribution Bias in Human Robot Interaction”. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems. 10 (4): 843–851. doi:10.1109/TCDS.2018.2851569. S2CID 54459747.
- ^ Kara-Yakoubian M (2022-07-29). “Psychologists uncover evidence of a fundamental pain bias”. PsyPost. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
- ^ Prati A (2017). “Hedonic recall bias. Why you should not ask people how much they earn”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 143: 78–97. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.002.
- ^ Pohl RF (2004). “Hindsight Bias”. In Pohl RF (ed.). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 363–378. ISBN 978-1841693514. OCLC 55124398.
- ^ Baron 1994, pp. 258–259
- ^ Danziger S, Levav J, Avnaim-Pesso L (April 2011). “Extraneous factors in judicial decisions”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (17): 6889–6892. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.6889D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018033108. PMC 3084045. PMID 21482790.
- ^ Zaman J, De Peuter S, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O, Vlaeyen JW (November 2016). “Interoceptive cues predicting exteroceptive events”. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 109: 100–106. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.003. PMID 27616473.
- ^ Barrett LF, Simmons WK (July 2015). “Interoceptive predictions in the brain”. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 16 (7): 419–429. doi:10.1038/nrn3950. PMC 4731102. PMID 26016744.
- ^ Damasio AR (October 1996). “The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 351 (1346): 1413–1420. doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0125. PMID 8941953. S2CID 1841280.
- ^ Shafir E, Diamond P, Tversky A (2000). “Money Illusion”. In Kahneman D, Tversky A (eds.). Choices, values, and frames. Cambridge University Press. pp. 335–355. ISBN 978-0521627498.
- ^ Marcatto F, Cosulich A, Ferrante D (2015). “Once bitten, twice shy: Experienced regret and non-adaptive choice switching”. PeerJ. 3: e1035. doi:10.7717/peerj.1035. PMC 4476096. PMID 26157618.
- ^ Bornstein RF, Crave-Lemley C (2004). “Mere exposure effect”. In Pohl RF (ed.). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 215–234. ISBN 978-1841693514. OCLC 55124398.
- ^ Baron 1994, p. 386
- ^ Baron 1994, p. 44
- ^ Hardman 2009, p. 104
- ^ O’Donoghue T, Rabin M (1999). “Doing it now or later”. American Economic Review. 89 (1): 103–124. doi:10.1257/aer.89.1.103. S2CID 5115877.
- ^ Balas B, Momsen JL (September 2014). Holt EA (ed.). “Attention “blinks” differently for plants and animals”. CBE: Life Sciences Education. 13 (3): 437–443. doi:10.1187/cbe.14-05-0080. PMC 4152205. PMID 25185227.
- ^ Safi R, Browne GJ, Naini AJ (2021). “Mis-spending on information security measures: Theory and experimental evidence”. International Journal of Information Management. 57 (102291): 102291. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102291. S2CID 232041220.
- ^ Hsee CK, Hastie R (January 2006). “Decision and experience: why don’t we choose what makes us happy?” (PDF). Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10 (1): 31–37. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.7054. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.11.007. PMID 16318925. S2CID 12262319. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-20.
- ^ Trofimova I (October 1999). “An investigation of how people of different age, sex, and temperament estimate the world”. Psychological Reports. 85 (2): 533–552. doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.85.2.533. PMID 10611787. S2CID 8335544.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Trofimova I (2014). “Observer bias: an interaction of temperament traits with biases in the semantic perception of lexical material”. PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85677. Bibcode:2014PLoSO…985677T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085677. PMC 3903487. PMID 24475048.
- ^ Leman PJ, Cinnirella M (2007). “A major event has a major cause: Evidence for the role of heuristics in reasoning about conspiracy theories”. Social Psychological Review. 9 (2): 18–28. doi:10.53841/bpsspr.2007.9.2.18. S2CID 245126866.
- ^ Buckley T (2015). “Why Do Some People Believe in Conspiracy Theories?”. Scientific American Mind. 26 (4): 72. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0715-72a. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ “Use Cognitive Biases to Your Advantage, Institute for Management Consultants, #721, December 19, 2011″. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ^ Fiedler K, Unkelbach C (2014-10-01). “Regressive Judgment: Implications of a Universal Property of the Empirical World”. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 23 (5): 361–367. doi:10.1177/0963721414546330. ISSN 0963-7214. S2CID 146376950.
- ^ Kelemen D, Rottman J, Seston R (2013). “Professional Physical Scientists Display Tenacious Teleological Tendencies: Purpose-Based Reasoning as a Cognitive Default”. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General. 142 (4): 1074–1083. doi:10.1037/a0030399. PMID 23067062..
- ^ Kelemen D, Rosset E (2009). “The Human Function Compunction: teleological explanation in adults”. Cognition. 111 (1): 138–143. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.01.001. PMID 19200537. S2CID 2569743.
- ^ “Unconscious Bias”. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
- ^ “Penn Psychologists Believe ‘Unit Bias’ Determines The Acceptable Amount To Eat”. ScienceDaily (November 21, 2005)
- ^ Talboy A, Schneider S (2022-03-17). “Reference Dependence in Bayesian Reasoning: Value Selection Bias, Congruence Effects, and Response Prompt Sensitivity”. Frontiers in Psychology. 13: 729285. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.729285. PMC 8970303. PMID 35369253.
- ^ Talboy AN, Schneider SL (December 2018). “Focusing on what matters: Restructuring the presentation of Bayesian reasoning problems”. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied. 24 (4): 440–458. doi:10.1037/xap0000187. PMID 30299128. S2CID 52943395.
- ^ Milgram S (October 1963). “Behavioral Study of Obedience”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 67 (4): 371–378. doi:10.1037/h0040525. PMID 14049516. S2CID 18309531.
- ^ Walker D, Vul E (January 2014). “Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive”. Psychological Science. 25 (1): 230–235. doi:10.1177/0956797613497969. PMID 24163333. S2CID 16309135.
- ^ Baron 1994, p. 275
- ^ Jump up to:a b Sutherland 2007, pp. 138–139
- ^ Anderson KB, Graham LM (2007). “Hostile Attribution Bias”. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. Sage Publications, Inc. pp. 446–447. doi:10.4135/9781412956253. ISBN 978-1412916707.
- ^ Rosset E (2008-09-01). “It’s no accident: Our bias for intentional explanations”. Cognition. 108 (3): 771–780. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.001. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 18692779. S2CID 16559459.
- ^ Kokkoris M (2020-01-16). “The Dark Side of Self-Control”. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
- ^ Plous 1993, p. 185
- ^ Kuran T, Sunstein CR (1998). “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation”. Stanford Law Review. 51 (4): 683–768. doi:10.2307/1229439. JSTOR 1229439. S2CID 3941373.
- ^ Colman A (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0192806321.
- ^ Ciccarelli S, White J (2014). Psychology (4th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. p. 62. ISBN 978-0205973354.
- ^ Dalton D, Ortegren M (2011). “Gender differences in ethics research: The importance of controlling for the social desirability response bias”. Journal of Business Ethics. 103 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0843-8. S2CID 144155599.
- ^ McCornack S, Parks M (1986). “Deception Detection and Relationship Development: The Other Side of Trust”. Annals of the International Communication Association. 9: 377–389. doi:10.1080/23808985.1986.11678616.
- ^ Levine T (2014). “Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A Theory of Human Deception and Deception Detection”. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 33: 378–392. doi:10.1177/0261927X14535916. S2CID 146916525.
- ^ Plous 1993, p. 206
- ^ “Assumed similarity bias”. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
- ^ “Intellectual Precursors, Major Postulates, and Practical Relevance of System Justification Theory”, A Theory of System Justification, Harvard University Press, pp. 49–69, 2020-07-14, doi:10.2307/j.ctv13qfw6w.6, S2CID 243130432, retrieved 2023-12-05
- ^ Garcia SM, Song H, Tesser A (November 2010). “Tainted recommendations: The social comparison bias”. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 113 (2): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.06.002. ISSN 0749-5978.
- “The Social Comparison Bias – or why we recommend new candidates who don’t compete with our own strengths”. BPS Research Digest. 2010-10-28.
- ^ Forsyth DR (2009). Group Dynamics (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- ^ Kruger J (August 1999). “Lake Wobegon be gone! The “below-average effect” and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 77 (2): 221–232. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.221. PMID 10474208.
- ^ Payne BK, Cheng CM, Govorun O, Stewart BD (September 2005). “An inkblot for attitudes: affect misattribution as implicit measurement”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89 (3): 277–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.392.4775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277. PMID 16248714.
- ^ Schacter DL (2001). The Seven Sins of Memory. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Schacter, Daniel Lawrence (March 1999). “The Seven Sins of Memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience”. The American Psychologist. 54 (3): 182–203. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.182. PMID 10199218. S2CID 14882268.
- ^ Butera F, Levine JM, Vernet J (August 2009). “Influence without credit: How successful minorities respond to social cryptomnesia”. Coping with Minority Status. Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–332. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804465.015. ISBN 978-0511804465.
- ^ Lieberman DA (2011). Human Learning and Memory. Cambridge University Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-1139502535.
- ^ McDunn BA, Siddiqui AP, Brown JM (April 2014). “Seeking the boundary of boundary extension”. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 21 (2): 370–375. doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0494-0. PMID 23921509. S2CID 2876131.
- ^ Mather M, Shafir E, Johnson MK (March 2000). “Misremembrance of options past: source monitoring and choice” (PDF). Psychological Science. 11 (2): 132–138. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00228. PMID 11273420. S2CID 2468289. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-01-17.
- ^ Attneave F (August 1953). “Psychological probability as a function of experienced frequency”. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 46 (2): 81–86. doi:10.1037/h0057955. PMID 13084849.
- ^ Fischhoff B, Slovic P, Lichtenstein S (1977). “Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 3 (4): 552–564. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.4.552. S2CID 54888532.
- ^ Cacioppo J (2002). Foundations in social neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0262531955.
- ^ Cacciatore MA (April 2021). “Misinformation and public opinion of science and health: Approaches, findings, and future directions”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (15): e1912437117. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812437C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912437117. PMC 8053916. PMID 33837143. p. 4:
The CIE refers to the tendency for information that is initially presented as true, but later revealed to be false, to continue to affect memory and reasoning
- ^ Schmidt SR (July 1994). “Effects of humor on sentence memory” (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 20 (4): 953–967. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.953. PMID 8064254. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
- ^ Schmidt SR (2003). “Life Is Pleasant – and Memory Helps to Keep It That Way!” (PDF). Review of General Psychology. 7 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.203. S2CID 43179740.
- ^ Fiedler K (1991). “The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.24.
- ^ Koriat A, Goldsmith M, Pansky A (2000). “Toward a psychology of memory accuracy”. Annual Review of Psychology. 51 (1): 481–537. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.481. PMID 10751979.
- ^ Craik & Lockhart, 1972
- ^ Kinnell A, Dennis S (February 2011). “The list length effect in recognition memory: an analysis of potential confounds”. Memory & Cognition. 39 (2): 348–63. doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0007-6. PMID 21264573.
- ^ Weiten W (2010). Psychology: Themes and Variations. Cengage Learning. p. 338. ISBN 978-0495601975.
- ^ Haizlip J, May N, Schorling J, Williams A, Plews-Ogan M (September 2012). “Perspective: the negativity bias, medical education, and the culture of academic medicine: why culture change is hard”. Academic Medicine. 87 (9): 1205–1209. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182628f03. PMID 22836850.
- ^ Weiten W (2007). Psychology: Themes and Variations. Cengage Learning. p. 260. ISBN 978-0495093039.
- ^ Slamecka NJ (April 1968). “An examination of trace storage in free recall”. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 76 (4): 504–513. doi:10.1037/h0025695. PMID 5650563.
- ^ Shepard RN (1967). “Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures”. Journal of Learning and Verbal Behavior. 6: 156–163. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80067-7.
- ^ McBride DM, Dosher BA (2002). “A comparison of conscious and automatic memory processes for picture and word stimuli: a process dissociation analysis”. Consciousness and Cognition. 11 (3): 423–460. doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(02)00007-7. PMID 12435377. S2CID 2813053.
- ^ Defetyer MA, Russo R, McPartlin PL (2009). “The picture superiority effect in recognition memory: a developmental study using the response signal procedure”. Cognitive Development. 24 (3): 265–273. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.05.002.
- ^ Whitehouse AJ, Maybery MT, Durkin K (2006). “The development of the picture-superiority effect”. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 24 (4): 767–773. doi:10.1348/026151005X74153.
- ^ Ally BA, Gold CA, Budson AE (January 2009). “The picture superiority effect in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment”. Neuropsychologia. 47 (2): 595–598. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.010. PMC 2763351. PMID 18992266.
- ^ Curran T, Doyle J (May 2011). “Picture superiority doubly dissociates the ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 23 (5): 1247–1262. doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21464. PMID 20350169. S2CID 6568038.
- ^ Kruger, J. (1999). Lake Wobegon be gone! The “below-average effect” and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(2),
- ^ O’Brien EJ, Myers JL (1985). “When comprehension difficulty improves memory for text”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 11 (1): 12–21. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.11.1.12. S2CID 199928680.
- ^ Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986; Rubin, Rahhal & Poon, 1998
- ^ Liang, Tingchang; Lin, Zhao; Souma, Toshihiko (2021). “How Group Perception Affects What People Share and How People Feel: The Role of Entitativity and Epistemic Trust in the “Saying-Is-Believing” Effect”. Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 728864. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728864. PMC 8494462. PMID 34630240.
- ^ Martin GN, Carlson NR, Buskist W (2007). Psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0273710868.
- ^ Morton, Crowder & Prussin, 1971
- ^ Pitt I, Edwards AD (2003). Design of Speech-Based Devices: A Practical Guide. Springer. p. 26. ISBN 978-1852334369.
- ^ Tversky A, Koehler DJ (1994). “Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability” (PDF). Psychological Review. 101 (4): 547–567. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.547. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ Stetson C, Fiesta MP, Eagleman DM (December 2007). “Does time really slow down during a frightening event?”. PLOS ONE. 2 (12): e1295. Bibcode:2007PLoSO…2.1295S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001295. PMC 2110887. PMID 18074019.
- ^ Goldstein ED (2010-06-21). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience. Cengage Learning. p. 231. ISBN 978-1133009122.
- ^ “Not everyone is in such awe of the internet”. Evening Standard. 2011-03-23. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ Poppenk, Walia, Joanisse, Danckert, & Köhler, 2006
- ^ Von Restorff H (1933). “Über die Wirkung von Bereichsbildungen im Spurenfeld (The effects of field formation in the trace field)””. Psychological Research. 18 (1): 299–342. doi:10.1007/bf02409636. S2CID 145479042.
References
- Baron J (1994). Thinking and deciding (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521437325.
- Hardman D (2009). Judgment and decision making: psychological perspectives. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405123983.
- Kahneman D, Knetsch JL, Thaler RH (1991). “Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 5 (1): 193–206. doi:10.1257/jep.5.1.193.
- Plous S (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070504776.
- Sutherland S (2007). Irrationality. Pinter & Martin. ISBN 978-1905177073.
Further reading
- Baron J (2000). Thinking and deciding (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521650304.
- Bishop MA, Trout JD (2004). Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195162295.
- Gilovich T (1993). How We Know What Isn’t So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0029117064.
- Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahneman D (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521796798.
- Greenwald AG (1980). “The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and Revision of Personal History” (PDF). American Psychologist. 35 (7): 603–618. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.7.603. ISSN 0003-066X.
- Kahneman D, Slovic P, Tversky A (1982). “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”. Science. 185 (4157). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci…185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISBN 978-0521284141. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
- Pohl RF (2017). Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1138903418.
- Schacter DL (March 1999). “The seven sins of memory. Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience” (PDF). The American Psychologist. 54 (3): 182–203. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.182. PMID 10199218. S2CID 14882268. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2013.
- Tetlock PE (2005). Expert Political Judgment: how good is it? how can we know?. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691123028.
- Virine L, Trumper M (2007). Project Decisions: The Art and Science. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts. ISBN 978-1567262179.
SCARS Resources:
- For New Victims of Relationship Scams www.ScamVictimsSupport.org
- Enroll in SCARS Scam Survivor’s School for FREE – visit www.SCARSeducation.org to register – FREE for scam victims/survivors
- Sign up for SCARS professional Support & Recovery Groups, visit support.AgainstScams.org
- Find competent Trauma Counselors or Therapists, visit counseling.AgainstScams.org
- Become a SCARS Member and get free counseling benefits, visit membership.AgainstScams.org
- Report each and every crime, learn how to at reporting.AgainstScams.org
- Learn More about Scams & Scammers at RomanceScamsNOW.com and ScamsNOW.com
- Scammer Photos on ScammerPhotos.com [Not Recommended for Recent Scam Victims]
- SCARS Videos youtube.AgainstScams.org
- Self-Help Books for Scam Victims are at shop.AgainstScams.org
- Donate/Give to SCARS and help us help others at donate.AgainstScams.org